DIESEL ENGINE

Automotive Share | DIESEL ENGINE | topbengkel.blogspot.com

Diesel Engine

A diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber. This is in contrast to spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which uses a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. The engine was developed by Rudolf Diesel in 1893.

The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any regular internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio. Low-speed Diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) often have a thermal efficiency which exceeds 50 percent.[1][2]

Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electric generating plants followed later.... In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. As of 2007, about 50 percent of all new car sales in Europe are diesel.[3]

The world's largest diesel engine is currently a Wärtsilä Sulzer RT96-C Common Rail marine diesel of about 108,920 hp (81,220 kW) @ 102 rpm[4] output

 

• 1 History
• 2 History timeline
  
  3 How diesel engines work
  3.1 Early fuel injection systems
  3.2 Fuel delivery
  3.3 Major advantages
  3.4 Mechanical and electronic injection
  3.5 Indirect injection
  3.6 Direct injection
  3.7 Unit direct injection
  3.8 Common rail direct injection
  3.9 Cold weather
  3.9.1 Starting
  3.9.2 Gelling
  4 Types
  4.1 Size Groups
  4.2 Basic Types of Diesel Engines
  4.3 Early
  4.4 Modern
  4.5 Low-speed diesels
  4.6 Gas generator
  5 Advantages and disadvantages versus spark-ignition engines
  5.1 Power and fuel economy
  5.2 Emissions
  5.3 Power and torque
  5.4 Noise
  5.5 Reliability
  5.6 Quality and variety of fuels
  6 Fuel and fluid characteristics
  7 Safety
  7.1 Fuel flammability
  7.2 Maintenance hazards
  8 Diesel applications
  8.1 Passenger cars
  8.2 Railroad rolling stock
  8.3 Other transport uses
  8.4 Military fuel standardisation
  8.5 Non-transport uses
  9 Engine speeds
  9.1 High-speed engines
  9.2 Medium-speed engines
  9.3 Low-speed engines
  10 Supercharging and turbocharging
  11 Current and future developments
  12 See also
  13 References
  14 External links
  14.1 Patents

History
Main article: Rudolf Diesel

Rudolf Diesel was born in Paris in 1858 into a family of German expatriates.[6] He was educated at Munich Polytechnic. After graduation he was employed as a refrigerator engineer, but his true love lay in engine design. Diesel designed many heat engines, including a solar-powered air engine. In 1892 he received patents in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and filed in the United States for "Method of and Apparatus for Converting Heat into Work".[7] In 1893 he described a "slow-combustion engine" that first compressed air thereby raising its temperature above the igniting-point of the fuel, then gradually introducing fuel while letting the mixture expand "against resistance sufficiently to prevent an essential increase of temperature and pressure", then cutting off fuel and "expanding without transfer of heat".[citation needed] In 1894 and 1895 he filed patents and addenda in various countries for his Diesel engine; the first patents were issued in Spain (No.16,654), France (No.243,531) and Belgium (No.113,139) in December 1894, and in Germany (No.86,633) in 1895 and the United States (No.608,845) in 1898.[8] He operated his first successful engine in 1897. His engine was the first[citation needed] to prove that fuel could be ignited solely with high compression.

Though best known for his invention of the pressure-ignited heat engine that bears his name, Rudolf Diesel was also a well-respected thermal engineer and a social theorist. Diesel's inventions have three points in common: they relate to heat transfer by natural physical processes or laws; they involve markedly creative mechanical design; and they were initially motivated by the inventor's concept of sociological needs. Rudolf Diesel originally conceived the diesel engine to enable independent craftsmen and artisans to compete with industry.[9]

At Augsburg, on August 10, 1893, Rudolf Diesel's prime model, a single 10-foot (3.0 m) iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own power for the first time. Diesel spent two more years making improvements and in 1896 demonstrated another model with a theoretical efficiency of 75 percent, in contrast to the 10 percent efficiency of the steam engine. By 1898, Diesel had become a millionaire. His engines were used to power pipelines, electric and water plants, automobiles and trucks, and marine craft. They were soon to be used in mines, oil fields, factories, and transoceanic shipping.